Estrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) play crucial roles in various processes during spermatogenesis. To elucidate individual roles of ESRs in male fertility. we developed in vivo selective ESR agonist administration models. Adult male rats treated with ESR1 and ESR2 agonist for 60 days show spermatogenic defects leading to reduced sperm counts and fertility. https://www.fitnessgravesyardes.shop/product-category/pedal-pad/